These chambers are used for the generation and application of ultra short x-ray pulses via a frequency conversion process called high order harmonic generation. Reliable vacuum is essential because the pulses absorb air. The shape and breadboard allow the team to strategically and simultaneously position several optical elements for ease of filtering and focusing on the pulses. Aluminum says Dr. Bernd Schϋtte, “is cost effective and its low weight eases handling of chambers.” The low Young’s Modulus of aluminum also dampens vibration.